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What Are The Registers In Mips R3000

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Instruction set architecture

MIPS
Designer MIPS Technologies, Imagination Technologies
$.25 64-bit (32 → 64)
Introduced 1985; 37 years ago  (1985)
Version MIPS32/64 Release 6 (2014)
Blueprint RISC
Type Register-Register
Encoding Fixed
Branching Compare and branch
Endianness Bi
Page size 4 KB
Extensions MDMX, MIPS-3D
Open Partly. The R12000 processor has been on the market for more than 20 years and so cannot be subject to patent claims. Therefore, the R12000 and older processors are fully open.
Registers
General purpose 32
Floating point 32

MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages)[1] is a family of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) didactics set architectures (ISA)[2] : A-1 [three] : 19 developed by MIPS Reckoner Systems, now MIPS Technologies, based in the United States.

At that place are multiple versions of MIPS: including MIPS I, 2, 3, IV, and V; as well equally 5 releases of MIPS32/64 (for 32- and 64-bit implementations, respectively). The early MIPS architectures were 32-fleck; 64-bit versions were adult later. As of April 2017, the current version of MIPS is MIPS32/64 Release half dozen.[4] [5] MIPS32/64 primarily differs from MIPS I–V by defining the privileged kernel mode Organisation Control Coprocessor in addition to the user style architecture.

The MIPS architecture has several optional extensions. MIPS-3D which is a elementary gear up of floating-bespeak SIMD instructions dedicated to mutual 3D tasks,[half dozen] MDMX (MaDMaX) which is a more extensive integer SIMD instruction set using the 64-bit floating-indicate registers, MIPS16e which adds compression to the instruction stream to make programs take up less room,[7] and MIPS MT, which adds multithreading capability.[8]

Computer architecture courses in universities and technical schools often report the MIPS compages.[9] The architecture greatly influenced later RISC architectures such every bit Alpha. In March 2021, MIPS appear that the development of the MIPS architecture had ended every bit the visitor is making the transition to RISC-Five.[10]

History [edit]

The start version of the MIPS architecture was designed by MIPS Reckoner Systems for its R2000 microprocessor, the kickoff MIPS implementation. Both MIPS and the R2000 were introduced together in 1985.[ commendation needed ] When MIPS II was introduced, MIPS was renamed MIPS I to distinguish it from the new version.[three] : 32

MIPS Computer Systems' R6000 microprocessor (1989) was the first MIPS II implementation.[three] : 8 Designed for servers, the R6000 was fabricated and sold past Bipolar Integrated Technology, only was a commercial failure. During the mid-1990s, many new 32-bit MIPS processors for embedded systems were MIPS II implementations because the introduction of the 64-bit MIPS III architecture in 1991 left MIPS Ii every bit the newest 32-scrap MIPS architecture until MIPS32 was introduced in 1999.[3] : 19

MIPS Reckoner Systems' R4000 microprocessor (1991) was the first MIPS Three implementation. It was designed for use in personal, workstation, and server computers. MIPS Computer Systems aggressively promoted the MIPS architecture and R4000, establishing the Advanced Calculating Environment (ACE) consortium to accelerate its Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) standard, which aimed to establish MIPS as the ascendant personal computing platform. ARC establish piddling success in personal computers, only the R4000 (and the R4400 derivative) were widely used in workstation and server computers, especially by its largest user, Silicon Graphics. Other uses of the R4000 included high-end embedded systems and supercomputers. MIPS III was eventually implemented by a number of embedded microprocessors. Quantum Effect Design's R4600 (1993) and its derivatives was widely used in high-cease embedded systems and depression-end workstations and servers. MIPS Technologies' R4200 (1994), was designed for embedded systems, laptop, and personal computers. A derivative, the R4300i, fabricated past NEC Electronics, was used in the Nintendo 64 game console. The Nintendo 64, forth with the PlayStation, were among the highest book users of MIPS compages processors in the mid-1990s.

The outset MIPS IV implementation was the MIPS Technologies R8000 microprocessor chipset (1994). The blueprint of the R8000 began at Silicon Graphics, Inc. and information technology was only used in high-cease workstations and servers for scientific and technical applications where high performance on large floating-signal workloads was important. Later implementations were the MIPS Technologies R10000 (1996) and the Quantum Effect Devices R5000 (1996) and RM7000 (1998). The R10000, made and sold by NEC Electronics and Toshiba, and its derivatives were used by NEC, Pyramid Technology, Silicon Graphics, and Tandem Computers (among others) in workstations, servers, and supercomputers. The R5000 and R7000 found utilize in loftier-end embedded systems, personal computers, and low-end workstations and servers. A derivative of the R5000 from Toshiba, the R5900, was used in Sony Estimator Entertainment's Emotion Engine, which powered its PlayStation 2 game panel.

Appear on October 21, 1996, at the Microprocessor Forum 1996 aslope the MIPS Digital Media Extensions (MDMX) extension, MIPS V was designed to improve the operation of 3D graphics transformations.[11] In the mid-1990s, a major utilise of non-embedded MIPS microprocessors were graphics workstations from Silicon Graphics. MIPS V was completed by the integer-merely MDMX extension to provide a complete system for improving the operation of 3D graphics applications.[12] MIPS V implementations were never introduced. On May 12, 1997, Silicon Graphics appear the H1 ("Brute") and H2 ("Capitan") microprocessors. The former was to have been the starting time MIPS V implementation, and was due to be introduced in the get-go one-half of 1999.[13] The H1 and H2 projects were later combined and eventually canceled in 1998. While there have not been any MIPS Five implementations, MIPS64 Release 1 (1999) was based on MIPS V and retains all of its features as an optional Coprocessor 1 (FPU) feature called Paired-Unmarried.

When MIPS Technologies was spun-out of Silicon Graphics in 1998, it refocused on the embedded market place. Through MIPS V, each successive version was a strict superset of the previous version, only this property was found to exist a trouble,[ citation needed ] and the architecture definition was changed to define a 32-bit and a 64-scrap architecture: MIPS32 and MIPS64. Both were introduced in 1999.[14] MIPS32 is based on MIPS II with some additional features from MIPS III, MIPS Four, and MIPS V; MIPS64 is based on MIPS V.[14] NEC, Toshiba and SiByte (later acquired by Broadcom) each obtained licenses for MIPS64 equally before long as information technology was appear. Philips, LSI Logic, IDT, Raza Microminiaturization, Inc., Cavium, Loongson Technology and Ingenic Semiconductor have since joined them. MIPS32/MIPS64 Release 5 was announced on December 6, 2012.[15] Release 4 was skipped considering the number four is perceived as unlucky in many Asian cultures.[16]

In December 2018, Wave Calculating, the new possessor of the MIPS architecture, announced that MIPS ISA would be open-sourced in a program dubbed the MIPS Open initiative.[17] The plan was intended to open upwards access to the most recent versions of both the 32-scrap and 64-bit designs making them bachelor without any licensing or royalty fees too equally granting participants licenses to existing MIPS patents.[18] [xix] [twenty]

In March 2019, one version of the architecture was made available under a royalty-free license,[21] merely later on that year the plan was shut down again.[22]

In March 2021, Wave Calculating announced that the development of the MIPS architecture has ceased. The company has joined the RISC-Five foundation and future processor designs volition be based on the RISC-V compages.[23] [24] In spite of this, some licensees such every bit Longsoon continue with new extension of MIPS-compatible ISAs on their own.[25]

Design [edit]

MIPS is a modular architecture supporting up to four coprocessors (CP0/1/two/3). In MIPS terminology, CP0 is the Organization Command Coprocessor (an essential role of the processor that is implementation-defined in MIPS I–V), CP1 is an optional floating-betoken unit (FPU) and CP2/3 are optional implementation-divers coprocessors (MIPS III removed CP3 and reused its opcodes for other purposes). For example, in the PlayStation video game panel, CP2 is the Geometry Transformation Engine (GTE), which accelerates the processing of geometry in 3D computer graphics.

Versions [edit]

MIPS I [edit]

MIPS is a load/shop architecture (also known as a annals-register architecture); except for the load/shop instructions used to access memory, all instructions operate on the registers.

Registers [edit]

MIPS I has thirty-2 32-chip general-purpose registers (GPR). Register $0 is hardwired to zilch and writes to information technology are discarded. Register $31 is the link register. For integer multiplication and division instructions, which run asynchronously from other instructions, a pair of 32-bit registers, Howdy and LO, are provided. There is a small set of instructions for copying data between the full general-purpose registers and the HI/LO registers.

The program counter has 32 bits. The ii depression-gild bits always contain zero since MIPS I instructions are 32 bits long and are aligned to their natural word boundaries.

Pedagogy formats [edit]

Instructions are divided into three types: R (register), I (immediate), and J (jump). Every instruction starts with a 6-scrap opcode. In addition to the opcode, R-type instructions specify three registers, a shift amount field, and a role field; I-type instructions specify 2 registers and a 16-bit immediate value; J-type instructions follow the opcode with a 26-bit jump target.[2] : A-174

The following are the iii formats used for the core instruction gear up:

Type -31-                                 format (bits)                                 -0-
R opcode (6) rs (5) rt (five) rd (five) shamt (5) funct (half-dozen)
I opcode (6) rs (5) rt (5) immediate (xvi)
J opcode (half-dozen) address (26)

CPU instructions [edit]

MIPS I has instructions that load and store 8-bit bytes, 16-chip halfwords, and 32-fleck words. Only one addressing mode is supported: base of operations + displacement. Since MIPS I is a 32-bit compages, loading quantities fewer than 32 bits requires the datum to be either sign-extended or nada-extended to 32 bits. The load instructions suffixed by "unsigned" perform naught extension; otherwise sign extension is performed. Load instructions source the base of operations from the contents of a GPR (rs) and write the result to another GPR (rt). Store instructions source the base from the contents of a GPR (rs) and the store data from another GPR (rt). All load and store instructions compute the memory address by summing the base with the sign-extended 16-bit immediate. MIPS I requires all memory accesses to be aligned to their natural word boundaries, otherwise an exception is signaled. To support efficient unaligned retentivity accesses, there are load/store word instructions suffixed past "left" or "correct". All load instructions are followed by a load delay slot. The instruction in the load delay slot cannot use the information loaded past the load teaching. The load filibuster slot can exist filled with an pedagogy that is not dependent on the load; a nop is substituted if such an teaching cannot exist constitute.

MIPS I has instructions to perform addition and subtraction. These instructions source their operands from two GPRs (rs and rt), and write the result to a third GPR (rd). Alternatively, addition can source one of the operands from a 16-bit immediate (which is sign-extended to 32 bits). The instructions for improver and subtraction have 2 variants: by default, an exception is signaled if the result overflows; instructions with the "unsigned" suffix do non signal an exception. The overflow cheque interprets the result as a 32-chip two's complement integer. MIPS I has instructions to perform bitwise logical AND, OR, XOR, and NOR. These instructions source their operands from two GPRs and write the result to a tertiary GPR. The AND, OR, and XOR instructions can alternatively source one of the operands from a 16-chip immediate (which is zero-extended to 32 $.25). The Assault relation instructions write one or goose egg to the destination register if the specified relation is true or false. These instructions source their operands from two GPRs or one GPR and a xvi-bit immediate (which is sign-extended to 32 $.25), and write the result to a 3rd GPR. By default, the operands are interpreted as signed integers. The variants of these instructions that are suffixed with "unsigned" interpret the operands every bit unsigned integers (fifty-fifty those that source an operand from the sign-extended 16-bit immediate).

The Load Immediate Upper instruction copies the 16-bit immediate into the high-order xvi bits of a GPR. It is used in conjunction with the Or Firsthand didactics to load a 32-bit immediate into a register.

MIPS I has instructions to perform left and right logical shifts and correct arithmetic shifts. The operand is obtained from a GPR (rt), and the upshot is written to another GPR (rd). The shift altitude is obtained from either a GPR (rs) or a 5-scrap "shift corporeality" (the "sa" field).

MIPS I has instructions for signed and unsigned integer multiplication and division. These instructions source their operands from ii GPRs and write their results to a pair of 32-bit registers called Hi and LO, since they may execute separately from (and concurrently with) the other CPU instructions. For multiplication, the high- and low-order halves of the 64-bit production is written to HI and LO (respectively). For division, the quotient is written to LO and the residuum to Hi. To access the results, a pair of instructions (Motion from How-do-you-do and Motility from LO) is provided to copy the contents of Howdy or LO to a GPR. These instructions are interlocked: reads of HI and LO do non proceed past an unfinished arithmetic educational activity that volition write to HI and LO. Some other pair of instructions (Move to Hullo or Move to LO) copies the contents of a GPR to HI and LO. These instructions are used to restore Hello and LO to their original state after exception treatment. Instructions that read Hello or LO must exist separated by two instructions that do not write to HI or LO.

All MIPS I control period instructions are followed by a co-operative filibuster slot. Unless the co-operative delay slot is filled by an instruction performing useful work, an nop is substituted. MIPS I branch instructions compare the contents of a GPR (rs) against cypher or another GPR (rt) equally signed integers and branch if the specified condition is true. Control is transferred to the address computed by shifting the 16-fleck starting time left past 2 bits, sign-extending the 18-bit result, and adding the 32-bit sign-extended result to the sum of the plan counter (instruction address) and 810. Jumps accept two versions: absolute and register-indirect. Accented jumps ("Bound" and "Jump and Link") compute the accost control is transferred to by shifting the 26-scrap instr_index left by 2 bits and concatenating the 28-flake result with the iv high-order $.25 of the address of the instruction in the branch delay slot. Register-indirect jumps transfer command to the pedagogy at the address sourced from a GPR (rs). The address sourced from the GPR must be word-aligned, else an exception is signaled after the instruction in the co-operative delay slot is executed. Branch and leap instructions that link (except for "Jump and Link Register") save the return address to GPR 31. The "Jump and Link Annals" education permits the return address to be saved to any writable GPR.

MIPS I has two instructions for software to signal an exception: Arrangement Call and Breakpoint. System Call is used by user style software to make kernel calls; and Breakpoint is used to transfer control to a debugger via the kernel's exception handler. Both instructions accept a 20-bit Code field that can contain operating environment-specific information for the exception handler.

MIPS has 32 floating-signal registers. Two registers are paired for double precision numbers. Odd numbered registers cannot be used for arithmetic or branching, only as part of a double precision register pair, resulting in sixteen usable registers for well-nigh instructions (moves/copies and loads/stores were not afflicted).

Single precision is denoted by the .s suffix, while double precision is denoted by the .d suffix.

MIPS II [edit]

MIPS II removed the load delay slot[three] : 41 and added several sets of instructions. For shared-memory multiprocessing, the Synchronize Shared Retentivity, Load Linked Discussion, and Store Conditional Discussion instructions were added. A gear up of Trap-on-Condition instructions were added. These instructions caused an exception if the evaluated condition is truthful. All existing branch instructions were given branch-likely versions that executed the instruction in the branch filibuster slot merely if the co-operative is taken.[3] : 40 These instructions improve functioning in certain cases by assuasive useful instructions to fill the branch filibuster slot.[3] : 212 Doubleword load and shop instructions for COP1–3 were added. Consequent with other memory access instructions, these loads and stores required the doubleword to be naturally aligned.

The educational activity prepare for the floating point coprocessor likewise had several instructions added to it. An IEEE 754-compliant floating-indicate foursquare root instruction was added. It supported both unmarried- and double-precision operands. A fix of instructions that converted single- and double-precision floating-point numbers to 32-bit words were added. These complemented the existing conversion instructions by allowing the IEEE rounding mode to be specified by the instruction instead of the Floating Point Command and Status Annals.

MIPS III [edit]

MIPS III is a backwards-compatible extension of MIPS Ii that added support for 64-bit memory addressing and integer operations. The 64-scrap data type is called a doubleword, and MIPS 3 extended the general-purpose registers, Hullo/LO registers, and program counter to 64 bits to support it. New instructions were added to load and shop doublewords, to perform integer improver, subtraction, multiplication, partition, and shift operations on them, and to motion doubleword between the GPRs and Howdy/LO registers. Existing instructions originally defined to operate on 32-chip words were redefined, where necessary, to sign-extend the 32-chip results to let words and doublewords to be treated identically by nigh instructions. Amid those instructions redefined was Load Word. In MIPS Three information technology sign-extends words to 64 bits. To complement Load Give-and-take, a version that naught-extends was added.

The R instruction format's inability to specify the full shift altitude for 64-bit shifts (its 5-chip shift amount field is too narrow to specify the shift distance for doublewords) required MIPS 3 to provide 3 64-bit versions of each MIPS I shift instruction. The get-go version is a 64-fleck version of the original shift instructions, used to specify constant shift distances of 0–31 bits. The 2nd version is similar to the offset, simply adds 3210 the shift amount field's value and so that constant shift distances of 32–64 bits tin can be specified. The 3rd version obtains the shift altitude from the six low-order bits of a GPR.

MIPS III added a supervisor privilege level in betwixt the existing kernel and user privilege levels. This characteristic merely affected the implementation-defined System Control Processor (Coprocessor 0).

MIPS III removed the Coprocessor iii (CP3) back up instructions, and reused its opcodes for the new doubleword instructions. The remaining coprocessors gained instructions to move doublewords betwixt coprocessor registers and the GPRs. The floating full general registers (FGRs) were extended to 64 bits and the requirement for instructions to use even-numbered annals only was removed. This is incompatible with earlier versions of the compages; a bit in the floating-indicate command/status register is used to operate the MIPS Three floating-point unit (FPU) in a MIPS I- and II-compatible mode. The floating-point command registers were non extended for compatibility. The only new floating-bespeak instructions added were those to copy doublewords between the CPU and FPU convert single- and double-precision floating-signal numbers into doubleword integers and vice versa.

MIPS Four [edit]

MIPS Four is the fourth version of the architecture. It is a superset of MIPS III and is compatible with all existing versions of MIPS. MIPS IV was designed to mainly improve floating-point (FP) performance. To meliorate access to operands, an indexed addressing way (base of operations + alphabetize, both sourced from GPRs) for FP loads and stores was added, every bit were prefetch instructions for performing memory prefetching and specifying enshroud hints (these supported both the base + offset and base + index addressing modes).

MIPS Iv added several features to improve education-level parallelism. To convalesce the clogging caused by a unmarried condition bit, vii status code $.25 were added to the floating-point control and status annals, bringing the total to eight. FP comparison and branch instructions were redefined and then they could specify which condition fleck was written or read (respectively); and the delay slot in betwixt an FP branch that read the condition chip written to by a prior FP comparison was removed. Support for fractional predication was added in the form of conditional move instructions for both GPRs and FPRs; and an implementation could cull between having precise or imprecise exceptions for IEEE 754 traps.

MIPS 4 added several new FP arithmetics instructions for both single- and double-precision FPNs: fused-multiply add or subtract, reciprocal, and reciprocal square-root. The FP fused-multiply add together or subtract instructions perform either ane or two roundings (it is implementation-defined), to exceed or see IEEE 754 accuracy requirements (respectively). The FP reciprocal and reciprocal square-root instructions do not comply with IEEE 754 accuracy requirements, and produce results that differ from the required accuracy by one or 2 units of concluding place (it is implementation defined). These instructions serve applications where education latency is more of import than accuracy.

MIPS 5 [edit]

MIPS V added a new data type, the Paired Single (PS), which consisted of two unmarried-precision (32-scrap) floating-point numbers stored in the existing 64-bit floating-betoken registers. Variants of existing floating-point instructions for arithmetic, compare and conditional motility were added to operate on this data type in a SIMD fashion. New instructions were added for loading, rearranging and converting PS information.[iii] : 426–429 It was the first education prepare to exploit floating-point SIMD with existing resources.[12]

MIPS32/MIPS64 [edit]

The showtime release of MIPS32, based on MIPS 2, added conditional moves, prefetch instructions, and other features from the R4000 and R5000 families of 64-chip processors.[14] The first release of MIPS64 adds a MIPS32 manner to run 32-bit code.[xiv] The MUL and MADD (multiply-add together) instructions, previously available in some implementations, were added to the MIPS32 and MIPS64 specifications, as were enshroud control instructions.[14]

MIPS32/MIPS64 Release 6 in 2014 added the following:[26]

  • a new family of branches with no filibuster slot:
    • unconditional branches (BC) and branch-and-link (BALC) with a 26-bit offset,
    • provisional co-operative on zero/non-zilch with a 21-bit offset,
    • full set up of signed and unsigned conditional branches compare between two registers (e.thousand. BGTUC) or a register against zero (e.g. BGTZC),
    • full prepare of branch-and-link which compare a register against zero (due east.g. BGTZALC).
  • index jump instructions with no delay slot designed to support big absolute addresses.
  • instructions to load 16-bit immediates at fleck position 16, 32 or 48, assuasive to easily generate large constants.
  • PC-relative load instructions, too every bit accost generation with big (PC-relative) offsets.
  • fleck-reversal and byte-alignment instructions (previously only available with the DSP extension).
  • multiply and divide instructions redefined and so that they use a single register for their outcome).
  • instructions generating truth values now generate all zeroes or all ones instead of simply clearing/setting the 0-bit,
  • instructions using a truth value now only interpret all-zeroes as false instead of simply looking at the 0-scrap.

Removed infrequently used instructions:

  • some conditional moves
  • co-operative probable instructions (deprecated in previous releases).
  • integer overflow trapping instructions with 16-scrap firsthand
  • integer accumulator instructions (together HI/LO registers, moved to the DSP Application-Specific Extension)
  • unaligned load instructions (LWL and LWR), (requiring that most ordinary loads and stores back up misaligned access, peradventure via trapping and with the addition of a new educational activity (BALIGN))

Reorganized the education encoding, freeing space for hereafter expansions.

microMIPS [edit]

The microMIPS32/64 architectures are supersets of the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures (respectively) designed to replace the MIPS16e ASE. A disadvantage of MIPS16e is that it requires a manner switch before any of its 16-bit instructions can exist processed. microMIPS adds versions of the well-nigh-oft used 32-bit instructions that are encoded as 16-bit instructions. This allows programs to intermix 16- and 32-scrap instructions without having to switch modes. microMIPS was introduced aslope of MIPS32/64 Release 3, and each subsequent release of MIPS32/64 has a corresponding microMIPS32/64 version. A processor may implement microMIPS32/64 or both microMIPS32/64 and its corresponding MIPS32/64 subset. Starting with MIPS32/64 Release half-dozen, support for MIPS16e concluded, and microMIPS is the only form of lawmaking compression in MIPS.

Application-specific extensions [edit]

The base MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures can be supplemented with a number of optional architectural extensions, which are collectively referred to equally awarding-specific extensions (ASEs). These ASEs provide features that ameliorate the efficiency and performance of sure workloads, such equally digital bespeak processing.

MIPS MCU
Enhancements for microcontroller applications. The MCU ASE (application-specific extension) has been adult to extend the interrupt controller support, reduce the interrupt latency and enhance the I/O peripheral control function typically required in microcontroller arrangement designs.
  • Separate priority and vector generation
  • Supports up to 256 interrupts in EIC (External Interrupt Controller) mode and eight hardware interrupt pins
  • Provides 16-bit vector offset address
  • Pre-fetching of the interrupt exception vector
  • Automatic Interrupt Prologue – adds hardware to save and update organization status before the interrupt handling routine
  • Automated Interrupt Epilogue – restores the system state previously stored in the stack for returning from the interrupt.
  • Interrupt Chaining – supports the service of pending interrupts without the demand to get out the initial interrupt routine, saving the cycles required to store and restore multiple agile interrupts
  • Supports speculative pre-fetching of the interrupt vector address. Reduces the number of interrupt service cycles by overlapping memory accesses with pipeline flushes and exception prioritization
  • Includes atomic bit fix/clear instructions which enables bits within an I/O register that are unremarkably used to monitor or control external peripheral functions to be modified without pause, ensuring the action is performed securely.
MIPS16
MIPS16 is an Awarding-Specific Extension for MIPS I through to Five designed by LSI Logic and MIPS Technologies, announced on October 21, 1996, alongside its first implementation, the LSI Logic TinyRISC processor.[27] MIPS16 was afterward licensed by NEC Electronics, Philips Semiconductors, and Toshiba (among others); and implemented equally an extension to the MIPS I, II, an Three architectures. MIPS16 decreases the size of awarding past up to 40% by using 16-bit instructions instead of 32-bit instructions' and also improves power efficiency, the instruction cache hit rate, and is equivalent in performance to its base compages.[28] Information technology is supported past hardware and software development tools from MIPS Technologies and other providers. MIPS16e is an improved version of MIPS16 first supported by MIPS32 and MIPS64 Release i. MIPS16e2 is an improved version of MIPS16 that is supported by MIPS32 and MIPS64 (up to Release five). Release 6 replaced it with microMIPS.
MIPS Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
The DSP ASE is an optional extension to the MIPS32/MIPS64 Release 2 and newer educational activity sets which can be used to advance a large range of "media" computations—particularly sound and video. The DSP module comprises a set of instructions and country in the integer pipeline and requires minimal additional logic to implement in MIPS processor cores. Revision ii of the ASE was introduced in the second one-half of 2006. This revision adds actress instructions to the original ASE, but is otherwise backwards-compatible with it.[29] Dissimilar the bulk of the MIPS architecture, it'south a adequately irregular ready of operations, many chosen for a particular relevance to some key algorithm. Its master novel features (vs original MIPS32):[thirty]
  • Saturating arithmetic (when a adding overflows, deliver the representable number closest to the non-overflowed reply).
  • Stock-still-betoken arithmetics on signed 32- and 16-scrap stock-still-point fractions with a range of -1 to +1 (these are widely called "Q31" and "Q15").
  • The existing integer multiplication and multiply-accrue instructions, which deliver results into a double-size accumulator (called "hi/lo" and 64 bits on MIPS32 CPUs). The DSP ASE adds three more accumulators, and some dissimilar flavours of multiply-accumulate.
  • SIMD instructions operating on 4 x unsigned bytes or two x 16-bit values packed into a 32-chip register (the 64-bit variant of the DSP ASE supports larger vectors, likewise).
  • SIMD operations are basic arithmetic, shifts and some multiply-accrue type operations.
MIPS SIMD architecture (MSA)
Instruction set extensions designed to accelerate multimedia.
  • 32 vector registers of 16 x 8-chip, 8 ten 16-bit, 4 x 32-bit, and 2 x 64 bit vector elements
  • Efficient vector parallel arithmetics operations on integer, fixed-point and floating-point data
  • Operations on accented value operands
  • Rounding and saturation options available
  • Full precision multiply and multiply-add together
  • Conversions between integer, floating-point, and stock-still-point information
  • Consummate set of vector-level compare and branch instructions with no condition flag
  • Vector (1D) and assortment (2D) shuffle operations
  • Typed load and shop instructions for endian-independent operation
  • IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetics 754-2008 compliant
  • Element precise floating-betoken exception signaling
  • Pre-divers scalable extensions for chips with more gates/transistors
  • Accelerates compute-intensive applications in conjunction with leveraging generic compiler support
  • Software-programmable solution for consumer electronics applications or functions not covered by defended hardware
  • Emerging information mining, feature extraction, image and video processing, and human-computer interaction applications
  • Loftier-performance scientific computing
MIPS virtualization
Hardware supported virtualization engineering science.
MIPS multi-threading
Each multi-threaded MIPS cadre can support up to two VPEs (Virtual Processing Elements) which share a unmarried pipeline as well as other hardware resources. Still, since each VPE includes a complete copy of the processor land as seen by the software system, each VPE appears equally a complete standalone processor to an SMP Linux operating system. For more than fine-grained thread processing applications, each VPE is capable of supporting up to nine TCs allocated beyond two VPEs. The TCs share a common execution unit but each has its ain program counter and core register files and so that each can handle a thread from the software. The MIPS MT architecture also allows the resource allotment of processor cycles to threads, and sets the relative thread priorities with an optional Quality of Service (QoS) manager block. This enables 2 prioritization mechanisms that determine the flow of data across the jitney. The kickoff mechanism allows the user to prioritize ane thread over another. The second mechanism is used to classify a specified ratio of the cycles to specific threads over fourth dimension. The combined use of both mechanisms allows effective allocation of bandwidth to the set of threads, and ameliorate control of latencies. In real-time systems, organization-level determinism is very critical, and the QoS block facilitates improvement of the predictability of a system. Hardware designers of advanced systems may supersede the standard QoS block provided past MIPS Technologies with one that is specifically tuned for their application.
SmartMIPS
SmartMIPS is an Application-Specific Extension (ASE) designed by Gemplus International and MIPS Technologies to improve performance and reduce retention consumption for smart carte du jour software. It is supported by MIPS32 only, since smart cards do not require the capabilities of MIPS64 processors. Few smart cards utilize SmartMIPS.
MIPS Digital Media eXtension (MDMX)
Multimedia application accelerations that were mutual in the 1990s on RISC and CISC systems.
MIPS-3D
Additional instructions for improving the performance of 3D graphics applications

Calling conventions [edit]

MIPS has had several calling conventions, especially on the 32-fleck platform.

The O32 ABI is the most normally-used ABI, attributable to its status every bit the original System V ABI for MIPS.[31] [32] It is strictly stack-based, with only four registers $a0-$a3 available to pass arguments. Space on the stack is reserved in case the callee needs to salve its arguments, but the registers are non stored at that place by the caller. The return value is stored in register $v0; a second return value may be stored in $v1. The ABI took shape in 1990 and was terminal updated in 1994. This perceived slowness, along with an antiquarian floating-point model with only 16 registers, has encouraged the proliferation of many other calling conventions. It is but divers for 32-flake MIPS, just GCC has created a 64-bit variation chosen O64.[33]

For 64-chip, the N64 ABI by Silicon Graphics is most commonly used. The almost of import comeback is that viii registers are now available for argument passing; information technology also increases the number of floating-point registers to 32. There is also an ILP32 version chosen N32, which uses 32-bit pointers for smaller code, analogous to the x32 ABI. Both run under the 64-bit mode of the CPU.[33] The N32 and N64 ABIs pass the first eight arguments to a office in the registers $a0-$a7; subsequent arguments are passed on the stack. The return value (or a pointer to it) is stored in the registers $v0; a second return value may be stored in $v1. In both the N32 and N64 ABIs all registers are considered to be 64-bits wide.

A few attempts have been fabricated to supervene upon O32 with a 32-bit ABI that resembles N32 more. A 1995 conference came upwardly with MIPS EABI, for which the 32-bit version was quite like.[34] EABI inspired MIPS Technologies to propose a more radical "NUBI" ABI additionally reuse statement registers for the render value.[35] MIPS EABI is supported by GCC merely non LLVM, and neither supports NUBI.

For all of O32 and N32/N64, the render address is stored in a $ra register. This is automatically ready with the use of the JAL (spring and link) or JALR (jump and link register) instructions. The function prologue of a (non-leaf) MIPS subroutine pushes the return address (in $ra) to the stack.[36] [37]

On both O32 and N32/N64 the stack grows downwards, but the N32/N64 ABIs require 64-chip alignment for all stack entries. The frame pointer ($30) is optional and in practice rarely used except when the stack allocation in a function is determined at runtime, for example, by calling alloca().

For N32 and N64, the return accost is typically stored viii bytes before the stack pointer although this may be optional.

For the N32 and N64 ABIs, a function must preserve the $s0-$s7 registers, the global pointer ($gp or $28), the stack arrow ($sp or $29) and the frame pointer ($30). The O32 ABI is the aforementioned except the calling function is required to save the $gp register instead of the called function.

For multi-threaded lawmaking, the thread local storage pointer is typically stored in special hardware annals $29 and is accessed past using the mfhw (move from hardware) educational activity. At to the lowest degree one vendor is known to store this information in the $k0 register which is normally reserved for kernel employ, but this is not standard.

The $k0 and $k1 registers ($26–$27) are reserved for kernel apply and should non exist used past applications since these registers tin be inverse at whatsoever time past the kernel due to interrupts, context switches or other events.

Registers for O32 calling convention
Name Number Use Callee must preserve?
$zero $0 constant 0 Northward/A
$at $1 assembler temporary No
$v0–$v1 $two–$3 values for function returns and expression evaluation No
$a0–$a3 $4–$7 role arguments No
$t0–$t7 $8–$15 temporaries No
$s0–$s7 $16–$23 saved temporaries Yes
$t8–$t9 $24–$25 temporaries No
$k0–$k1 $26–$27 reserved for Bone kernel N/A
$gp $28 global pointer Yes (except Motion picture lawmaking)
$sp $29 stack pointer Yes
$fp $thirty frame pointer Yes
$ra $31 return address N/A
Registers for N32 and N64 calling conventions[38]
Name Number Utilise Callee must preserve?
$aught $0 abiding 0 North/A
$at $1 assembler temporary No
$v0–$v1 $2–$three values for part returns and expression evaluation No
$a0–$a7 $iv–$11 function arguments No
$t4–$t7 $12–$xv temporaries No
$s0–$s7 $16–$23 saved temporaries Yes
$t8–$t9 $24–$25 temporaries No
$k0–$k1 $26–$27 reserved for Bone kernel Northward/A
$gp $28 global pointer Yes
$sp $29 stack pointer Yes
$s8 $30 frame pointer Yep
$ra $31 return address N/A

Registers that are preserved beyond a telephone call are registers that (by convention) will not be changed by a system call or procedure (function) telephone call. For example, $s-registers must be saved to the stack by a procedure that needs to utilize them, and $sp and $fp are always incremented by constants, and decremented back after the process is washed with them (and the retentiveness they point to). By contrast, $ra is changed automatically past any normal function phone call (ones that use jal), and $t-registers must be saved by the program earlier whatsoever process call (if the programme needs the values within them after the call).

The userspace calling convention of position-independent code on Linux additionally requires that when a part is called the $t9 register must comprise the address of that office.[39] This convention dates back to the System V ABI supplement for MIPS.[xl]

Uses [edit]

MIPS processors are used in embedded systems such every bit residential gateways and routers. Originally, MIPS was designed for general-purpose calculating. During the 1980s and 1990s, MIPS processors for personal, workstation, and server computers were used by many companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation, MIPS Calculator Systems, NEC, Pyramid Technology, SiCortex, Siemens Nixdorf, Silicon Graphics, and Tandem Computers.

Historically, video game consoles such as the Nintendo 64, Sony PlayStation, PlayStation 2, and PlayStation Portable used MIPS processors. MIPS processors also used to exist popular in supercomputers during the 1990s, only all such systems accept dropped off the TOP500 list. These uses were complemented past embedded applications at outset, but during the 1990s, MIPS became a major presence in the embedded processor marketplace, and by the 2000s, well-nigh MIPS processors were for these applications.

In the mid- to tardily-1990s, it was estimated that one in three RISC microprocessors produced was a MIPS processor.[41]

Past the tardily 2010s, MIPS machines were still commonly used in embedded markets, including automotive, wireless router, LTE modems (mainly via MediaTek), and microcontrollers (for example the Microchip Engineering science PIC32M). They have mostly faded out of the personal, server, and application infinite.

Simulators [edit]

Open Virtual Platforms (OVP)[42] includes the freely available for not-commercial employ simulator OVPsim, a library of models of processors, peripherals and platforms, and APIs which enable users to develop their own models. The models in the library are open source, written in C, and include the MIPS 4K, 24K, 34K, 74K, 1004K, 1074K, M14K, microAptiv, interAptiv, proAptiv 32-chip cores and the MIPS 64-chip 5K range of cores. These models are created and maintained by Imperas[43] and in partnership with MIPS Technologies have been tested and assigned the MIPS-Verified marker. Sample MIPS-based platforms include both bare metal environments and platforms for booting unmodified Linux binary images. These platforms–emulators are available as source or binaries and are fast, complimentary for non-commercial usage, and are easy to utilize. OVPsim is developed and maintained by Imperas and is very fast (hundreds of million of instructions per 2nd), and built to handle multicore homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures and systems.

There is a freely available MIPS32 simulator (before versions fake but the R2000/R3000) chosen SPIM for use in education. EduMIPS64[44] is a GPL graphical cross-platform MIPS64 CPU simulator, written in Java/Swing. It supports a wide subset of the MIPS64 ISA and allows the user to graphically come across what happens in the pipeline when an assembly program is run by the CPU.

MARS[45] is another GUI-based MIPS emulator designed for use in education, specifically for use with Hennessy's Computer Organization and Design.

WebMIPS[46] is a browser-based MIPS simulator with visual representation of a generic, pipelined processor. This simulator is quite useful for register tracking during pace by step execution.

QtMips[47] [48] [49] provides simple 5-stages pipeline visualization likewise as enshroud principle visualization for basic computer architectures courses. Windows, Linux, macOS and online version is available.

More advanced costless emulators are available from the GXemul (formerly known as the mips64emul project) and QEMU projects. These emulate the various MIPS III and IV microprocessors in add-on to entire reckoner systems which use them.

Commercial simulators are available especially for the embedded use of MIPS processors, for case Current of air River Simics (MIPS 4Kc and 5Kc, PMC RM9000, QED RM7000, Broadcom/Netlogic ec4400, Cavium Octeon I), Imperas (all MIPS32 and MIPS64 cores), VaST Systems (R3000, R4000), and CoWare (the MIPS4KE, MIPS24K, MIPS25Kf and MIPS34K).

The Creator simulator[fifty] [51] [52]is portable and allows the user to learn various assembly languages of different processors (Creator has examples with an implementation of MIPS32 and RISC-V instructions).

WepSIM[53] is a browser-based simulator where a subset of MIPS instructions are micro-programmed. This simulator is very useful in order to learn how a CPU works (microprogramming, MIPS routines, traps, interruptions, system calls, etc.).

See also [edit]

  • DLX
  • List of MIPS architecture processors
  • MIPS architecture processors
  • Pipeline (computing)
  • Prpl Foundation

References [edit]

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Farther reading [edit]

  • Farquhar, Erin; Philip Bunce (1994). MIPS Programmer'southward Handbook. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBNi-55860-297-half-dozen.
  • Patterson, David A; John L. Hennessy (2004). Computer Organization and Pattern: The Hardware/Software Interface . Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN1-55860-604-1.
  • Sweetman, Dominic (1999). See MIPS Run. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBNone-55860-410-3.
  • Sweetman, Dominic (2007). See MIPS Run, second edition. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN978-0-12-088421-half-dozen.

External links [edit]

  • MIPS Processors
  • MIPS Architecture history diagram at the Wayback Car (archived 2013-05-30)
  • Online MIPS emulator
  • MIPS Instructions - MIPS Instruction Set up

What Are The Registers In Mips R3000,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture

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